Punishment is never just a natural consequence of a crime; it is a deliberately engineered system. In the second installment of the Branches of Criminology series, the lens is on Penology. Explore the architecture of punishment, the philosophy of state control, and the stark real-world contrasts between the traditional US maximum-security approach and the Norwegian model of penal exceptionalism.

True crime media and the justice system share a common obsession: the offender. But who is left in the shadows? In the first blog post of the new Branches of Criminology series, we will take a deep dive into the science of Victimology. Explore the historical myth of the "Ideal Victim," the psychology of secondary trauma, and why a truly just society must shift its focus from punishing the guilty to restoring the harmed.